TOP 50-PLUS OVERALL SOURCES

(Note: includes books, reports, articles, and materials on UN field operations, informally assembled by IO Watch, roughly ranked from "most useful" on down, and subject to change as new sources are added)

1.         Righter, Rosemary, Utopia lost: The United Nations and world order, Twentieth Century Fund, New York, 1995.

2.         Hazzard, Shirley, Defeat of an ideal: A study of the self-destruction of the United Nations, Atlantic, Little-Brown, Boston-Toronto, 1973.

3.         Robertson, Geoffrey, Crimes Against humanity: The struggle for global justice, 2d ed., Penguin Books, London, 2002.

4.         Barnett, Michael, Eyewitness to a genocide: The United Nations and Rwanda, Cornell University, Ithaca NY (USA) and London, 2002.

5.         Claudia Rosett, "The oil-for-food scam: What did Kofi Annan know, and when did he know it?", Commentary, May 2004, pp.15-22, and "UN headquarters renovation: No accountability without transparency", US Senate, written  testimony of June 20, 2006.        (Both available at A - 1, with many more of her excellent articles as well.)  

6.         Childers, Erskine, with Urquhart, Brian, "Renewing the United Nations System", Development Dialogue, 1994:1, Dag Hammarskjöld Foundation, Uppsala, Sweden, 1994.

7.         Hazzard, Shirley, "Breaking Faith, Parts I and II", The New Yorker, September 25, 1989, pp.  63-99, and October 2, 1989, pp. 74-96.

8.         Kennedy, Paul, The parliament of man: The past, present, and future of the United Nations,     Random House, New York, 2006.

9.         "Review of the administrative and financial functioning of the United Nations", General Assembly resolution 48/218, 23 December 1993, esp. paras. I.E. 2-5, and parts II. and III.     [Note: The GA required establishment of an effective system of management accountability by January 1995, and urged actions to combat fraud.]             [Note: Available at R-1: the four following, and five other landmark (or tombstone) General Assembly resolutions or follow-up are at R-2 through R-10.] 

10.      "Personnel questions", General Assembly resolution 47/226 of 30 April 1993, Part II, para. 2.    [Note: The GA regretted Secretariat foot-dragging on administration of justice, and called for an in-depth review to achieve a "just, transparent, simple, impartial, and efficient system of internal justice".]    (Available at R-2.)                                                       

11.     "Review of the administrative and financial functioning of the United Nations", General Assembly resolution 48/218 B of 29 July 1994, paras. 5 (c)(iv), 6, 7.    [Note: The GA established the Office of Internal Oversight Services, including a new investigation unit with confidential staff reporting processes.]     (Available at R-3.)

12.        "Administration of justice at the United Nations", General Assembly resolution 59/283 of 13 April 2005, preambular paras. and Part IV.   [Note: The GA regretted again that the internal justice system was "slow, cumbersome and costly" and that reporting on it was very tardy, and decided that the system must be redesigned with expert advice to be independent and ensure managerial accountability.]                   (Available at R-9.)

13.       " Investing in the United Nations: for a stronger Organization worldwide", General Assembly resolution A/RES/60/260 of 8 May 2006, esp. Part I.            [Note"  The GA reaffirmed its oversight role, and the need for greater accountability of the Secretary-General himself , and called for Mr. Annan to clearly define and rigorously enforce accountability, without exception, at all levels.]       (Available at R-10)                                                       

14.     The management of the United Nations Oil-For-Food Programme, Independent Inquiry Committee into the United Nations Oil-For-Food- Programme, (the Volcker report), Vols. I through IV, September 7, 2005.     (Available at R-11.)

15.       Bonner, Ray, "Why we went: How the United Nations turned its back on Somalia and subverted the best chance for peace", Mother Jones, (USA), March-April 1993, pp. 54-60.    (Available at FO-2.)

16.       Cain, Kenneth, Postlewait, Heidi, and Thomson, Andrew, Emergency sex and other desperate measures: A true story from hell on earth, Hyperion, New York, 2004.

17.       Barnett, Michael and Finnemore, Martha, Rules for the world: International organizations in global politics, Cornell University, Ithaca NY (USA) and London, 2004.

18.       Ameri, Houshang,  Fraud, waste and abuse: Aspects of U.N. management and personnel policies, University Press of America, Lanham, MD (USA), June 2003.   

19.       Ameri, Houshang, Politics of staffing the United Nations Secretariat, Major Concepts in Politics and Political Theory, Vol. 8, Peter Lang, New York, 1996.

20.       "Reforming the United Nations: Pope Kofi's unruly flock", The Economist, August 8th, 1998,  pp. 17-19.                                                       

21.       Hegland, Corine, "United Nations: Whistle-blower ignored" and "Whistle-blowing at the United Nations", both in the National Journal (US), March 12, 2005. 

22.       Schaefer, Brett D., "A progress report on U.N. reform", The Heritage Foundation, No. 1937, May 19, 2006.      (Available at A - 6.)

23.       U.S. General Accountability Office (USGAO), United Nations: Internal oversight and procurement controls and processes need strengthening: Testimony, GAO  06-701T April 27, 2006, 19 pp.   (Available for this and four more 2006 GAO reports at R-12 through - 16.)

24.      United States General Accountability Office, United Nations: Reforms progressing, but comprehensive assessments needed to measure impact, GAO 04-339, February, 2004.     (Available at R-18.)

25.       United States General Accountability Office, United Nations: Reforms are progressing, but overall objectives have not yet been achieved, GAO/NSIAD-00-150 (and also 00-169), May 10, 2000.    

26.       "United Nations organizational integrity survey", Final Report, prepared by Deloitte Consulting LLP, June 2004.     (Available at R-20.)  

27.       Report of the Panel on United Nations Peace Operations [the "Brahimi report"], UN document A/55/305 --  S/2000/809 of August 21 2000, esp. p. xiv.    Available at R-22.)

28.       Kennedy, David, The dark sides of virtue: Reassessing international humanitarianism, Princeton University, Princeton and Oxford, 2004.                            

29.       Rohde, David, Endgame: The betrayal and fall of Srebrenica: Europe's worst massacre since World War II, Westview, Perseus Books, Boulder CO (USA), 1998.     [Note: Winner of the Pulitzer Prize.]  

30.       Beigbeder, Yves, The internal management of United Nations Organizations: The Long Quest for Reform,  Macmillan, London and St. Martins, New York, 1997.

31.       Dijkzeul, Dennis, and Beigbeder, Yves, eds., Rethinking international organizations: Pathology and promise, Berghahn, New York and Oxford (UK), 2003.

32.       Thornburgh, Dick, Under-Secretary-General for Administration and Management, "Report to the Secretary-General of the United Nations", [referred to as "the Thornburgh report"], 1 March 1993.

33.       Report of the Commission of Experts on Reforming Justice at the United Nations, Justice Geoffrey Robertson Q.C., (Chairman), Professor Roger Clark, Ousmane Kane, J.D., published by the United Nations Staff Union, New York, 12th June, 2006.    [Available at R-24.)

34.       "The failed states index", Foreign Policy and the Fund for Peace, Foreign Policy, July-August 2005, pp. 56-65, and May-June, 2006, pp. 50-58.                     

35.       Melvern, Linda, Conspiracy to murder: The Rwandan genocide, Verso, London and New York, 2004.                                                   

36.       Wheeler, Nicholas J., Saving strangers: Humanitarian intervention in international society, Oxford University, Oxford and New York, 2000.                              

37.       Polman, Linda, We did nothing: Why the truth doesn't always come out when the UN goes in, translated by Rob Bland, Viking, New York and London, 2003, [1997, and rev. ed. published in Dutch by Rozenberg, Amsterdam, 2002.]   

38.       United Nations, A study of the capacity of the United Nations development system [referred to as "the Capacity study," or "the Jackson report' after Sir Robert Jackson], vols. I, II, DP/5, Geneva, 1969.  

39.       Muravchik, Joshua, The future of the United Nations: Understanding the past to chart a way forward, American Enterprise Institute, AEI, Washington, D.C., 2005.

40.      Shawn, Eric, The U.N. exposed: How the United Nations sabotages America's security, Sentinel, Penguin, New York, 2006. 

41.      Moore, Mike, A World Without Walls: Freedom, Development, Free Trade and Global Governance, Cambridge University, Cambridge (UK),  2003.

42.      Wedgwood, Ruth, "A run for the money: Spin-offs, rivals and UN reform", The National Interest, No. 82, Winter 2005/06, pp. 76-81.                                 

43.      Khanna, Parag, "United they fall: Why only Bill Clinton can save the U.N.", Harper's Magazine (US), January 2006, pp. 31-40.  

44.      Shawcross, William, Deliver us from evil: Peacekeepers, warlords, and a world of endless conflict, Simon & Schuster, New York, 2000.

45.      Hancock, Graham, Lords of poverty: The freewheeling lifestyles, power, prestige, and corruption of the multi-billion dollar aid business, Macmillan, London, 1989. 

46.      Easterly, William, "The cartel of good intentions", Foreign Policy, July/August 2002, pp. 40-49.

47.      Branigan, William, "The UN empire: Polished image, Tarnished reality", Washington Post, September 20, 21, 22, and 23, 1992.

48.      Gourevich, Philip, "The optimist: Kofi Annan's U.N. has never been more important and more imperiled", The New Yorker, March 3, 2003, pp. 51-73.

49.      Easterly, William, The white man's burden: Why the West's efforts to aid the rest have done so much ill and so little good, Penguin, New York, 2006.                       

50.      Sen, Amartya, "The man without a plan: Can foreign aid work?", Foreign Affairs, Vol. 85, No. 2,  March/April 2006, 171-177.

51.      Bertrand, Maurice, The Third Generation World Organization, Martinus Nijhoff, Dordrecht, the Netherlands, 1989.  

52.      Judicial group on strengthening judicial integrity, Record of First Meeting, Global Programme Against Corruption, Working Paper, United Nations, Center for International Crime Prevention, Vienna, 2000, 2001, 2003, 2005.    (Available at R-25.)

53.      In the Supreme Court of the United States, Cynthia Brzak and Nasr Ishak, Plaintiffs, v. United Nations, Kofi Annan, Ruud Lubbers, Wendy Chamberlain, Werner Blatter, Kofi Asomani, Raymond Hall, A. W. Bijleveld, Daisy Bukuru, Defendants, Plaintiffs Motion for Leave to File Complaint in an Original Action and Plaintiffs' Brief in Support and Complaint, 3d May 2006.  Edward Patrick Flaherty, Counsel of record for Plaintiffs.     (Available at R-26.)

54.       Green, Penny and Ward, Tony, State crime: Governments, violence and corruption, Pluto, London and Sterling VA (USA), 2004.    

55.       U.N. headquarters renovation: No accountability without transparency, U.S. Senate Committee on Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs, Subcommittee …, Hearings, 6/20/06.     [Available at R-27.)

56.       "Report commenting on United Nations sexual harassment policy", Chadbourne & Park LLP, New York, March 2001.  (Available at R-28.)

57.      Burnett, John S., Where soldiers fear to tread: A relief worker's tale of survival, Bantam, New York, 2005.                              

58.    Mealer, Bryan, "Congo's daily blood: Ruminations from a failed state", Harper's Magazine, April 2006, pp. 53-66. [Also, his previous article on Congo, "In the valley of the gun", Harper's Magazine, May 2004.]

59.      Barnett, Michael, and Duvall, Raymond, Eds., Power in global governance, Cambridge Studies in International Relations, Cambridge University, Cambridge (UK), 2005.

60.      Singer, Max and Wildavsky, Aaron, The real world order: Zones of peace, zones of turmoil, Chatham House, Chatham, NJ (USA), 1993.

61.       American interests and UN reform: Report of the Task Force on the United Nations, United States Institute of Peace, June 2005, esp. Chapter 3, "In need of repair: Reforming the United Nations."     (Available at R-29.)   

62.       The Stanley Foundation, "Making UN reform work: Improving member state-Secretariat relations", Report of the twenty-eighth United Nations issues conference,  February 21-23, 1997.

63.       Luck, Edward C., "How not to reform the United Nations", Global Governance 11 (2005),  October-December 2005, 407-414.                       

64.        Maxwell, Simon, "How to help reform multilateral institutions: An eight-step program for more effective collective action", Global Governance 11 (2005), October-December 2005, 415-424.

65.      UN Joint Inspection Unit, "Accountability and oversight  in the United Nations Secretariat", UN document  A/48/420, 1993.            (Available at R-31.)  

66.       UN Joint Inspection Unit, "Reporting on the performance and results of United Nations programmes: Monitoring, evaluation, and management review components," UN document A/43/124, 1988.   

67.      Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development, Public sector transparency and accountability: Making it happen, OECD, Paris, 2002.

68.       Meron, Theodor, The United Nations Secretariat: The rules and the practice, Lexington Books, D.C. Heath, Lexington, MA and Toronto, 1977.               

69.       Falconer, Peter, Smith, Colin, and Websert, C.William R., eds., Managing parliaments in the 21st century, IOS and International Institute of Administrative Sciences, Amsterdam, 2001.

70.       Gourevich, Philip, We wish to inform you that tomorrow we will be killed with our families: Stories from Rwanda, Farrar, Straous, & Giroux, New York, 1998, and Picador, London, 1999.    

71.       Rwanda: The Preventable Genocide, Report of The  International Panel of Eminent Personalities to Investigate the 1994 Genocide in Rwanda and the Surrounding Events, Organization of African Unity, 7 July 2000, esp. Chapter 15,   (Available at FO - 19.)

TOP 50-PLUS BOOKS

(Note: informally assembled by IO Watch, roughly ranked from "most useful" on down, and subject to change as new sources are added)

1.         Righter, Rosemary, Utopia lost: The United Nations and world order, Twentieth Century Fund, New York, 1995.

2.        Hazzard, Shirley, Defeat of an ideal: A study of the self-destruction of the United Nations, Atlantic, Little-Brown, Boston-Toronto 1973. 

3.        Robertson, Geoffrey, Crimes Against humanity: The struggle for global justice, 2d ed., Penguin Books, London, 2002.

4.        Barnett, Michael and Finnemore, Martha, Rules for the world: International organizations in global politics, Cornell University, Ithaca NY (USA) and London, 2004.

5.        Kennedy, Paul, The parliament of man: The past, present, and future of the United Nations,     Random House, New York, 2006.

6.        Ameri, Houshang,  Fraud, waste and abuse: Aspects of U.N. management and personnel policies, University Press of America, Lanham, MD (USA), June 2003.   

7.        Ameri, Houshang, Politics of staffing the United Nations Secretariat, Major Concepts in Politics and Political Theory, Vol. 8, Peter Lang, New York, 1996.     

8.         Beigbeder, Yves, The internal management of United Nations Organizations: The Long Quest for Reform,  Macmillan, London and St. Martins, New York, 1997.

9.         Dijkzeul, Dennis, and Beigbeder, Yves, eds., Rethinking international organizations: Pathology and promise, Berghahn, New York and Oxford, 2003.

10.      Muravchik, Joshua, The future of the United Nations: Understanding the past to chart a way forward, American Enterprise Institute, AEI, Washington, D.C., 2005.

11.      Shawn, Eric, The U.N. exposed: How the United Nations sabotages America's security, Sentinel, Penguin, New York, 2006.                                          

12.      Moore, Mike, A World Without Walls: Freedom, Development, Free Trade and Global Governance, Cambridge University, Cambridge (UK),  2003.

13.        Bertrand, Maurice, The Third Generation World Organization, Martinus Nijhoff, Dordrecht, the Netherlands, 1989.

14.      Green, Penny and Ward, Tony, State crime: Governments, violence and corruption, Pluto, London and Sterling VA (USA), 2004.    

15.      Barnett, Michael, and Duvall, Raymond, Eds., Power in global governance, Cambridge Studies in International Relations, Cambridge University, Cambridge (UK), 2005.

16.      Singer, Max and Wildavsky, Aaron, The real world order: Zones of peace, zones of turmoil, Chatham House, Chatham, NJ (USA), 1993.

17.      Meron, Theodor, The United Nations Secretariat: The rules and the practice, Lexington Books, D.C. Heath, Lexington, MA (USA) and Toronto, 1977.                

18.      Falconer, Peter, Smith, Colin, and Websert, C.William R., eds., Managing parliaments in the 21st century, IOS and International Institute of Administrative Sciences, Amsterdam, 2001.

19.      Butler, Richard, The greatest threat: Iraq, weapons of mass destruction, and the growing crisis of global security, Public Affairs, New York, 2000. 

20.      Gold, Dore, Tower of Babble: How the United Nations has fueled global chaos, New York, Crown Forum, 2004.                                                    

21.      Sanjuan, Pedro A., The UN gang: A memoir of incompetence, corruption, expionage, anti-semitism, and Islamic extremism at the UN Secretariat, Doubleday, New York, London, 2005.

22.      Naím, Moisés, Illicit: How smugglers, traffickers and copycats are hijacking the global economy, William Heinemann, London, 2005.   

23.      Heller, Peter S., Who will pay?  Coping with aging societies, climate change, and other long-term fiscal challenges, International Monetary Fund, Washington, D.C., 2003.

24.      Steiner, Henry J., and Alston, Philip, International human rights in context: Law, politics, morals, [Text and materials],  2d ed., Oxford University, Oxford and New York, 2000.

25.      Pietila, Hilkka, and Vickers, Jeanne, Making women matter: The role of the United Nations, updated and expanded ed., Zed, London and New Jersey, 1994.   

26.      Jahan, Rounaq, The elusive agenda: Mainstreaming women in development, University Press, Dhaka, and Zed, London and New Jersey, 1995.

27.      Caiden, Gerald E., Dwivedi, O. P., and Jabbra, Joseph, eds., Where corruption lives, Kumarian, Bloomfield CN (USA), 2001.

28.       Melvern, Linda, The ultimate crime: Who betrayed the UN and why, Allison & Busby, London, 1995.

29.       White, Nigel D., The United Nations system: Toward international justice, Lynne Rienner, Boulder, CO (USA), and London, 2002.

30.       Alleyne, Mark D., Global lies?  Propaganda, the UN and world order, Palgrave Macmillan, New York, 2003.  

31.      de Cooker, Chris, ed., International administration: law and management practice in international organisations, UNITAR, Martinus Nijhoff, Dordrecht, the Netherlands, 1989.

32.      Reinicke, Wolfgang H. and Deng, Francis, Critical choices: The United Nations, networks, and the future of global governance, International Development Research Centre, Better World Fund, United Nations Foundation , Ottawa, 2000.                           

33.       Simmons, P. J., and de Jonge Oudraat, Chantal, eds., Managing global issues: Lessons learned, Carnegie Endowment, Brookings Institution, Washington, DC, 2001.

34.       Lomborg, Bjorn, Ed., Global crises, global solutions, Environmental Assessment Institute, Cambridge University, Cambridge and New York, 2004, and How to spend $50 billion to make the world a better place, Cambridge University (2d rev. ed., abridged version of the above book), Cambridge University, New York, 2006.

35.      Weiss, Thomas G., and Gordenker, Leon, eds., NGOs, the UN and global governance, Lynne Rienner, Boulder CO (USA)  and London, 1996.  [Chapters 1-11 from Third World Quarterly, 1996.]

36.      Held, David, McGrew, Anthony, Goldblatt, David and Perraton, Jonathan, Global transformations: Politics, economics and culture, Stanford University, Stanford, CA (USA), 1999.

37.      Beigbeder, Yves, Management problems in United Nations organizations: Reform or decline?, Frances Pinter, London, 1987.

38.       Hazzard, Shirley, Countenance of truth: The United Nations and the Waldheim case, Viking Penguin, New York and London, 1990.

39.       Elmandjra, Mahdi, The United Nations system: An analysis, Faber and Faber, London, 1973. 

40.  Urquhart, Brian and Childers, Erskine, A world in need of leadership: Tomorrow's United Nations: A fresh appraisal, revised second edition, Dag Hammarskjold Foundation and Ford Foundation, Uppsala, Sweden, 1996.  

41.  Carpenter, Ted Galen, ed., Delusions of grandeur: The United Nations and global intervention, Cato Institute, Washington, D.C., 1997.

42.  Harrod, Jeffrey, and Schrijver, Nico, eds., The UN under attack, Institute of Social Studies, the Hague, Gower, Aldershot, England, 1988. 

43.  Adams, Guy B., and Balfour, Danny L., Unmasking administrative evil, Sage, Thousand Oaks CA and London, 1998.

44.  Pitt, David and Weiss, Thomas G., eds., The nature of United Nations bureaucracies, Croon Helm, London & Sydney, 1986.

45.  Florini, Ann M., Ed.,  The third force: The rise of transnational civil society, Japan Society for International Exchange and Carnegie Endowment, Tokyo and Washington DC, 2000.

46.  Franck, Thomas M., Nation against nation: What happened to the U.N. dream and what the U.S. can do about it, Oxford University, New York and Oxford, 1985. 

47.  Coicaud, Jean-Marc, and Heiskanen, Veijo, eds., The legitimacy of international organizations, United Nations University, Tokyo, New York, Paris, 2001.

48.  Schechter, Michael G., Ed., United Nations-sponsored world conferences: Focus on impact and follow-up, United Nations University, Tokyo, 2000.                

49.  Claude, Inis L., Swords into plowshares: The problems and progress of international organizations, 4th ed., Random House, New York, 1971.      

50.  Joyner, Christopher C., ed., The United Nations and international law, The American Society of International Law (ASIL) and Cambridge University,   Cambridge and New York, 1997.           

51.   Reymond, Henri, and Mailick, Sidney, International personnel policies and practices, Praeger, New York, 1985.

52.   Jordan, Robert S., et al., International organizations: A comparative approach to the management of cooperation, fourth ed., Greenwood/Praeger, Westport, Conn., 2001.

53.   Light, Paul C., Monitoring government: Inspectors General and the search for accountability, Brookings, Washington, D.C., 1993.

54.   Crocker, Chester A., Hampson, Fen Osler, and Aall, Pamela, eds., Herding cats: Multiparty mediation in a complex world, United States Institute of Peace, Washington, DC, 1999.

55.  Meisler, Stanley, United Nations: The first fifty years, Atlantic Monthly, New York, 1995. 

56.  Jabbra, Joseph G., and Dwivedi, O. P., Eds., Public service accountability: A comparative perspective, Kumarian, West Hartford, Conn., USA, 1989.

57.  Moynihan, Daniel Patrick with Suzanne Weaver, A dangerous place, Atlantic Monthly, Little, Brown, Boston, Toronto, 1978.

58.  Pines, Burton Yale, ed., A world without a U.N.: What would happen if the U.N. shut down, The Heritage Foundation, Washington, DC, 1984.

59.  Rutherford, Paul, Endless propaganda: The advertising of public goods, University of Toronto, Toronto, Buffalo NY (USA), London, 2000.

60.  Williams, Ian, United Nations for beginners, Writers and Readers, New York, 1995.

61.  Padelford, Norman J. and Goodrich, Leland M., eds., The United Nations in the balance: Accomplishments and prospects, Praeger, New York, 1965.

62.  Richter, William L., Burke, Francis, and Doig, Jameson W., Combating corruption: Encouraging ethics, American Society for Public Administration, Washington, D.C., 1990.

63.  Hazzard, Shirley, People in glass houses, Macmillan, Australia [reissued by Penguin, New York, 1988], 1967. 

TOP 50-PLUS REPORTS

(Note: informally assembled by IO Watch, roughly ranked from "most useful" on down, and subject to change as new sources are added)

1.          "Review of the administrative and financial functioning of the United Nations", General Assembly resolution 48/218, 23 December 1993, esp. paras. I.E. 2-5, and II. and III.     [Note: The GA required establishment of an effective system of management accountability by January 1995, and urged actions to combat fraud.]      

[Further note: This and the following (and almost all) GA resolutions, by number, are available in full online at www.un.org/documents back to 1946, by number, in this case "A/RES/48/218.". General Assembly documents are available there as well, but -- regrettably -- only for the most recent five years.

2.           "Personnel questions", General Assembly resolution 47/226 of 30 April 1993,  Part II.    [Note: The GA regretted Secretariat foot-dragging on administration of justice, and called for an in-depth review to achieve a "just, transparent, simple, impartial, and efficient system of internal justice".]            (Available at www.un.org/documents.)                         . 

3.          "Review of the administrative and financial functioning of the United Nations", General Assembly resolution 48/218 B of 29 July 1994, paras. 5 (c) (iv), 6, 7.   [Note: The GA established the Office of Internal Oversight Services including a new investigation unit with confidential staff reporting processes.]            (This resolution, inexplicably, is not available online at www.un.org/documents , but is available at www.un.org/Depts/oios, under "About Us", "Mandate.")                                          

4.          "Establishment of the Office of Internal Oversight Services", Secretary-General's Bulletin, ST/SGB/273, 7 September 1994, section IV.D, "Investigations."     [Note: As the General Assembly required, the Secretary-General established confidential staff reporting of wrongdoing (i.e., whistleblowing) with careful safeguards, full due process and fairness, and firm protection of staff against reprisals.]          (Available at www.un.org/Depts/oios, under "About Us", "Mandate.")                                                                                                     

5.          "Terms of reference for investigations by the [OIOS]: 'Mismanagement, misconduct, waste of resources and abuse of authority",  ST/IC/1996/29 of 25 April 1996.    [Note: Presents, for staff,  OIOS procedures for confidential and protected staff reporting of wrongdoing, and OIOS action thereon.]    (Available at www.un.org/Depts/oios, under "About Us", "Mandate.")                              

6.          "Human resources management", General Assembly resolution 51/226 of 3 April 1997, Part I, paras. 2-4, and Part II, preambular and paras. 2-6.    [Note: The GA regretted with "deep concern" poor progress in establishing a management accountability system with sanctions, and requested decisive action from Secretary-General Annan.]   (Available at www.un.org/documents.)                                             

7.          "Financial reports and audited financial statements, and reports of the Board of Auditors," General Assembly resolution 51/225 of 3 May 1997, paras. 11 and 12.      [Note: The GA noted with "deep concern" reports of fraud, and requested Secretary-General Annan to establish disciplinary actions, better accountability, and greater managerial control.]              (Available at