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UN Performance Problems UN Management Accountability Struggles Where is the Rule of Law? Inadequate UN Oversight Recent Developments
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Chronological
quotes "The Capacity Study
is finished
.
We have diagnosed the
[sickness of the UN development system of technical co-operation] and
written a prescription.
.
. Governments created
this machine - which [has become] probably the most complex organization
in the world.
. Briefly, it is
built up of the administrative structures of the United Nations and its
component parts,
. and of
about a dozen Specialized Agencies.
In theory, it is under the control of about thirty separate
governing bodies
. At the
headquarters level, there is
. no central
co-ordinating organization [to exercise effective control]
. [and there is also]
an extraordinary complex of regional and sub-regional offices, and
. field offices in
over ninety developing countries.
. Who controls this
'machine'? So far the
evidence shows that governments do not, and also that the machine is
incapable of intelligently controlling itself. This is not
because it lacks intelligent and capable officials, but because it it is
so organized that managerial direction is impossible. In other
words, the machine as a whole has become unmanageable in the strictest
sense of the word. As a result, it is becoming slower and
more unwieldy, like some prehistoric monster." A study of the capacity of the United Nations development system [also known as "the Jackson report" after its principal author], 2 vols., DP/5, United Nations, Geneva, 1969, Vol. 1, pp. i-iii. "The Jackson Report
approached the matter of development system coordination as a managerial
problem.
. What it misunderstood was the extent to which institutional
jealousies overwhelmed common goals. It also ignored political
complications, such as the extent to which extraneous issues would be
introduced into the agendas of international organizations at various
times.
. The "country
program" concept [sought] orderly integration and setting of priorities
.
[through a UNDP] 'grand coordinator.'
. Jackson's insight
. had to be
balanced, of course, by his advocating the need to elevate the 'quality of
the men and women filling those posts.' He pushed for
. replacement of most of
the incumbent Resident Representatives, whose average age then was an
elderly 55.
He was not successful
. it would have meant the potential forced
retirement of senior employees with major political clout. Similarly,
Jackson's recommendation that the U. N.
. move UNDP physically closer to
the specialized agencies in Geneva was largely ignored, even though many
argued that [placing] UNDP near the General Assembly had not helped it
accomplish its purposes. In these and other small failures in
implementing the Jackson Report lay the germ of major future
problems." Richard E. Bissell, The United Nations Development Programme: Failing the world's poor, Heritage Foundation, Washington, DC., October 1985. "To continue with
the charade [of official development assistance] seems to me to be
absurd.
Garnered and justified in the name of the destitute and the
vulnerable, aid's main function in the past half-century has been to
create and then entrench a powerful new class of rich and privileged
people.
In that notorious club of parasites and hangers-on made up of the
United Nations, the World Bank and the bilateral agencies, it is aid --
and nothing else -- that has provided hundreds of thousands of 'jobs for
the boys' and that has permitted record-breaking standards to be set in
self-serving behavior, arrogance, paternalism, moral cowardice and
mendacity.
At the same time, in the developing countries, aid has perpetuated
the rule of incompetent and venal men whose leadership would otherwise be
utterly non-viable; it has allowed governments characterized by historic
ignorance, avarice and irresponsibility to thrive; and, last but not
least, it has condoned -- and in some cases facilitated -- the most
consistent and grievous violations of human rights that have occurred
anywhere in the world since the dark ages.
the time has
come for the lords of poverty to depart." Graham Hancock, Lords of poverty: The freewheeling lifestyles, power,
prestige, and corruption of the multi-billion dollar aid business,
Macmillan, London, 1989, pp 192- 193. In 1990, the
fortieth anniversary of the start of UN technical cooperation programmes,
the British
[told the UNDPs] Governing Council that
there was
a
troubling and rising dissatisfaction with the impact of much UN and UNDP
assistance.
Britains three conditions for continued support
were an end to
bickering over rival claims to competence and an end to empire-building
by the agencies and by UNDP itself; vastly improved teamwork to mobilize
all UN resources effectively within recipient countries; and proper
standards of planning back-up, preferable country-focused, and for
identifying, appraising and monitoring and evaluating programs and projects (emphases
added)
The heart of
technical cooperation
was the creation of good governance, sound and
efficient institutions, and intelligent management.
UNDP would need
to change its managerial structure and alter its own skill mix. And it must
develop a clear idea of the services it needed from UN agencies, insist on
their compliance, and monitor that it is getting what it pays for or
rather, what we pay for through it. The bluntness of
this attack on the UNDP senior management, and on the whole project-based
approach of the UN [system] agencies, was intentional. Rosemary Righter,
Utopia lost: The United Nations and world
order, Twentieth Century Fund, New York, 1995, p. 267.
"
. The whole
concept of technical assistance, [the United Nations Development Programme
(UNDP)'s] raison d'etre, has come under
intense fire as donors and recipients have conducted increasingly
depressing audits of its effectiveness. A damning report on
. four decades of technical co-operation in Africa sent shock waves
through the agency last year. UNDP's Africa bureau concluded:
'Technical assistance has not brought to Africa the results expected of it
. At present the feeling is widespread that is more often misused than
well used and frequently counter-productive.' The report
highlighted a 'persistent reliance on expatriate technical assistance
personnel,' which had done little to help recipient countries become more
self-reliant. 'Technical co-operation seems off the mark in addressing
priority issues.' it added. Although [UNDP aid
to Africa] consumes almost half of the agency's so-called 'core'
resources,
officials caution that technical assistance has [done better] in
Latin America and Asia. They are trying hard to replace foreign
experts with local specialists. Anyway, they add,
there is a new strategy [of] 'capacity building', and its buzz words are
'synergy' and 'sustainability.' Ian Katz, "UN 50
years on: Aid body faces its midlife crisis", The
Guardian (UK), May 15, 1995.
"As the leaders of
every nation on earth mark the 50th anniversary of the United Nations this
week,
. they must do more than fill the General Assembly hall with
platitudes
.
Without significant changes in organization and behavior, the UN
will lose its remaining effectiveness and public support.
. The UN remains an
underachiever in what should be one of its natural endeavors -- economic and
social development. One reason is the multiplication of
duplicative agencies that have become little more than loudspeakers for
wishful rhetoric. The present Economic and Social Council
should give way to a new Economic Security Council that would be taken
seriously by the major economic powers and would coordinate its work with
the World Bank, the International Monetary Fund, and the World Trade
Organization." "A hard look", The Washington Post, in the International Herald Tribune, October 24, 1995.
"Although the
United Nations is essentially an enormous information processing and
sharing machine, it
almost never addresses frontally
. the quality of
[its] data, the value added
and the cost-effectiveness
. A report on
['Restructuring and revitalization
. ' (A-50-697) hides] these key
questions
under layers of esoteric bureaucratese.
A section entitled
'Documentation' [says] 'the documentation crisis in the United Nations is
not a new phenomenon.
despite repeated analyses and discussions, the
crisis continues and indeed, may have grown more acute. It seriously
impacts the ability of intergovernmental bodies to perform their mandated
functions
Although member states have complained insistently,
the
Secretariat [also] can have no interest in bringing out a document long
after the due date.
. 'The roots of the
documentation crisis are systemic.
Without a cultural change in the way
business is done in the economic, social, and related sectors, where the
tendency has been to increase the number of bodies as well as the
frequency with which they meet, it is unlikely that the documentation
crisis will abate.'" "UN economic & social sector reform ignores critical issues of information flow and use", International Documents Review (New York), November 27, 1995.
"Responsible local
institutions.
Merely advocating democracy in repressive states isn't going to
suffice.
Global aid organizations need to create mechanisms through which
local democratic institutions -- such as village panchayats in India and
the banjars in Indonesia -- receive assistance
Much of the
developing world is still rural, and the fruits of economic growth have
been largely denied to the hinterland in poor nations. International
monitors.
The donor community should tighten its requirements concerning
corrosive issues such as bribery and debt. Corruption has increased exponentially
in urban areas of developing countries.
.. Parliamentarians and small-scale
businessmen.
In many developing countries -- Sri Lanka, Zimbabwe, and Brazil are
good examples -- the legislative branch of government tends to be far more
active in promoting development than the executive branch. Yet
legislators are largely bypassed by foreign donors in the development
process.
. So are small entrepreneurs.
" Pranay Gupte, "A
jump-start for the poor: To spur social development, focus on the forces
that can really make a difference", Newsweek,
October 26, 1998, p. 4.
"The United Nations
and its sister institutions will face a period of harsh reform. Most of the
global organizations set up at the end of the second world war are held in
low esteem
. This is odd. The end of
the cold war
. has accentuated the need for global institutions.
. Unfortunately,
global institutions have not risen to the task.
. The UN, quite
simply, looks out of date. By trying to do everything, it rarely
does anything very well. In particular, most of its money goes
into social and economic development. These activities appeal to the poorer
'southern' states that have such a grip on the [General Assembly]. But
government aid now accounts for only a tiny proportion of the money
flowing to developing countries. And much of the UN's development work
has been superceded by leaner, non-governmental organisations, such as
charities." John Micklethwait,
"The multilateral muddle", in "The world in 1999", The Economist, January
1999, p. 73.
"[As] many
multinational aid agencies are more picky about governments these days
.
The United Nations Development Programme [operates universally worldwide],
the 'one little voice whispering in the government's ear about second
chances.' Universality is the
UNDP's strongest card. Otherwise, its hand is increasingly
weak.
.
other UN agencies have carved out areas from UNDP territory: Unicef for
children, the World Food Programme to keep people fed; and most
disturbingly for UNDP, the World Bank for development policy. The Bank has
$28 billion to spend each year, the UNDP only $2 billion. And [UNDP's head,
Mark] Malloch Brown, admits that even this $2 billion has not always been
delivering the best results. The agency's core
resources have shrunk by up to half since its heyday in the 1980s. America has
gradually reduced its contributions
. and most of the rest comes from
Scandinavian countries, but they are said to be tiring of the burden and
would prefer to spend their money bilaterally. Mr. Malloch
Brown describes the UNDP as suffering from 'change fatigue' and wants it
to settle on clear achievable objectives." "UN development programme: Staying on", The Economist, July 10, 1999, p. 53. "Mark
Malloch-Brown, new chief of the UN Development Program, had hardly moved
into his [job]
. when he got some bad news. Denmark and
Germany, mainstays of his agency's $2 billion annual budget, were slashing
their annual contributions [which are voluntary rather than mandatory like
UN dues]
to finance [pledges made] to rebuild Kosovo.
. Indeed, the Kosovo
crisis has intensified the already fierce competition for dollars among
relief and development agencies and makes it all the more likely that the
search for funds will consume much of Mr. Malloch-Brown's tenure. In announcing
[Denmark's] reduction, Poul Nielsen, Denmark's development minister, who
had been Europe's candidate for the [UNDP] job, denied that the cut was
what a Danish journalist called a 'devious' act of 'revenge' for not
having won the post. Mr. Malloch-Brown
expressed his 'alarm' that a country with such a long history of generous
giving to the world's poor would 'tax Africa to fund Kosovo.' Denmark, he
added, underscoring his concern, risked setting a 'dangerous trend' that
he hope other donors would not follow." Judith Miller, "Cutting funds, donors put UN aid body in tight spot", International Herald Tribune, July 12, 1999. [Note: see also the three following related entries on UN public relations and politics in the service of development aid] "Its development
efforts under attack from both Right and Left, the World Bank named
Swedish diplomat Mats Karlsson to head its public-relations efforts. Mr. Karlsson will
become the bank's vice president for external affairs
. He currently
serves as Sweden's state secretary for international development
cooperation. Mr. Karlsson, 43,
succeeds Mark Malloch Brown, who left the bank to run the United Nations
Development Program. The bank's publicity-conscious
president, James D. Wolfensohn, brought in Mr. Malloch Brown five years
ago to burnish the bank's image and to raise public awareness of its
economic-development mission." "Swedish diplomat named to head World Bank PR", The Wall Street Journal Europe, August 10, 1999. [Note: See two following items] "The power of the
Internet has at last been harnessed to develop a new tool to fight
poverty; a Web site that offers the potential to engage a new constituency
of people, networked by a common concern.
.. The site
. was
launched Wednesday with the hope that it will mark a renewal of
international development cooperation, which in the last decade has lost
much public confidence and support.
. NetAid is a
partnership between the United Nations Development Program and Cisco
Systems, a maker of data communications gear. The Web Site
will allow those who log on to learn more about world poverty and find out
what they can do to help. A corrosive
skepticism about big aid agencies has led development cooperation to
become associated with waste, corruption and a hopeless dependence rather
than with what it is meant to be; an extraordinary force for change in the
lives of the world's poor
. The ambitions of
the NetAid partnership do not stop at creating the world's biggest and
most diverse Web site. This is only a starting point for a
bigger dream: a public-private partnership to connect the world." Mark Malloch Brown,
"Fighting poverty with the Internet", International Herald Tribune, September 9, 1999.
[Note: See next item]
"It is supposed to
be the feel-good event of the fall, a melding of music, technology and
anti-poverty action. On Saturday, millions around the world
will watch pop stars
. perform in London, Geneva and New Jersey for
NetAid, a United Nations-sponsored effort to engage wealthy Westerners in
the hardships of the developing world. The concerts will be carried live on
television in 60 countries and radio broadcasts will reach 120
nations.
The shows will promote NetAid's website.
. But even before the
first chords are struck, the charitable alliance is caught up in
controversy, deflecting charges of self-interest. Harry
Belafonte, the actor and musician who helped organize the event, said he
and the actor Danny Glover were quitting in disgust. The event, he
said, had 'been reduced to a trade show', promoting the UN bureaucracy and
a corporate sponsor, Cisco Systems. UN sources said that in his letter of
resignation, Belafonte also complained that proceeds would be funneled
back into the UN Development Program and Cisco before money reached the
world's poor." "People", International Herald Tribune, October 9, 1999.
[Note: See also the preceding three items on UN "PR"
efforts]
"Bill Clinton may
be well-intentioned in his demand that the money saved from debt servicing
should be used to help alleviate poverty. Unfortunately, a vast majority of
developing countries lack not only skilled and honest leaders, but also
local institutions that can work constructively to promote social and
economic development. Perhaps donor nations should use the
money from debt cancellation to create an international corps to engender
better governance. Though this might invite charges of
interference in local sovereignty, donors can institute standards of
economic and democratic compliance. And if developing countries want to
move faster to meet the rising expectations of their own constituencies,
they have to work with societies where civic discipline, honest leadership
and transparent governance aren't considered luxuries." Pranay Gupte, "Forgiving and forgetting: Clinton offers debt relief to the world's poorest countries. But how much will that really help?", Newsweek, October 11, 1999, p. 6. [Note: Mr. Gupte is
editor and publisher of The Earth Times] "There are several
United Nations.
There is the international body of nations which does so many tasks
-- from vaccinating children to distributing food -- with
considerable success.
Another United
Nations, perhaps the most intractable, was made up of the vast and largely
autonomous baronies constituted by the various agencies which carry out
the UN's development and relief work.
Undoubtedly they contained time
servers, like the central secretariat itself
because of the quotas
insisted upon by governments. Moreover, the agencies guarded their
sovereignty as fiercely as any member state and fought any attempts to
diminish their autonomy through coordination. Directors
would not hesitate to call upon their own national governments to fight
any attempt by the secretary-general to dismiss incompetent senior staff
or to rationalize their cost.
" William Shawcross,
Deliver us from evil: Peacekeepers, warlords, and
a world of endless conflict, Simon & Schuster, New York, 2000, p. 227.
"Since 1970, world
poverty has in fact shrunk markedly, and with China and India growing
growing fast, inequality has, too. According to the
U.N., growing poverty and inequality are the world's main economic
threats, and unchecked globalization and market expansion are largely to
blame.
One point is that poverty and inequality are two different
concepts.
When measured by [income per day, or annual per capita incomes]
world poverty has fallen dramatically in the past 30 years. The U.N. Human
Development Reports should base their assessments
on a better
understanding of the facts. It is incorrect to argue that world
poverty and inequality have been rising over the past 30 years and then to
attribute this fictional development to unchecked globalization and market
expansion.
These poorly grounded observations from an apparently respected
source feed into the false arguments of the world's 'globaphobes', who are
generally opposed to economic development.
" Robert J. Barro,
"The U.N. is dead wrong on poverty and inequality", Business Week, May 6,
2002, p. 12.
"Challenges that
must be globally managed keep popping up: genetic engineering, AIDS, and
global terrorist networks. Yet
the global landscape has
dramatically changed in the last 50 years, but the institutions serving
the world have not. The array of
institutions is bewildering. Within the U. N. system alone, there
are 112 agencies. More than 20 agencies deal with water,
for example.
. Functions overlap,
mandates conflict, and each agency has its own standard of accountability,
[or unaccountability] to member governments.
. The institutions
cannot reform themselves. Two generations of institutional
contamination and tenured self-interest ensure that this deadlock
continues.
But this lack of coherence damages their collective credibility,
frustrates their donors and owners, and gives rise to public
cynicism.
There is a consensus that something must be done, but no consensus
on how to go about it." Mike Moore, "Multilateral meltdown", Foreign Policy, March/April 2003, pp. 74-75. [Note: Mr. Moore was Director General of the World Trade Organization from 1999 to 2002 and is a former Prime Minister of New Zealand. He is the author of A world without walls: Freedom, development, free trade, and global governance, Cambridge University, Cambridge, UK, 2003.]
"When Catherine
Caufield began the reporting for her book on the World Bank
she asked
the Bank to direct her to some of its most successful projects.
Bank press
officers made repeated promises but produced no list. Finally,
they came up with [a $772 million gas field project in the Arabian
sea].
She discovered that
the Bank had managed to avoid controversy [no
villagers had needed to be resettled] -- this was apparently the
successful part. The project had taken twice as long as
expected to complete, and, according to Bank records, more than a third of
the loan had ultimately been written off "due to misprocurement." Every
generation of Bank officials has promised to improve this record
" William Finnegan, "The economics of empire: Notes on the Washington Consensus", Harper's Magazine, May 2003, pp. 41-54 [p. 45]. [Note: Ms.
Caufield's book, Masters of Illusion: The World Bank and the poverty of
nations, Macmillan, London, 1997, is also cited elsewhere in
this archive. "[New tax
reductions in the United States will provide America's 400 richest income
earners nearly $7 billion.] Suppose the super
rich applied their tax savings toward Africa's survival. That extra
income
. would provide a huge chunk of the $8 billion that the United
States should contribute to the global health care effort. This money could
readily and reliably be given to the Global Fund to Fight AIDS,
Tuberculosis and Malaria, which could then put it to spectacular use in
saving
eight million lives each year.
could there be a better way to give
meaning to vast wealth?" Jeffrey D. Sachs, "America's wealth: How the richest nations can help the poorest", International Herald Tribune, July 10, 2003, p. 7. [Note: item 1 of 3,
please see next two items]
"As the death toll
from AIDs continues to mount, more and more money is arriving [in Africa]
from overseas to combat the disease. [That money,
however]
is more than sufficient to attract the attention of the
unscrupulous.
Across Africa, fake AIDS charities, which often lack offices or
phones, have sprung up. 'We've had all manner of people, some
with no professional expertise, trying to elbow in on the pandemic', said
Frances Angila, the head of Kenya's oversight organization for
.
NGO's.
'The potential for fly-by-night organizations is very high.
. Sometimes
it's a few cronies who had a beer in a pub and decided that having an AIDS
organization would be a good thing.'
. The health minister
for Kenya, Charity Ngulu, who has led efforts to combat AIDS fraud, has
accused the AIDS control council of squandering millions of dollars
through shoddy accounting and questionable contracting procedures.
. No more
contracts ought to go, she said, to what she calls 'briefcase NGOs,' that
operate out of some shady character's attache case." Marc Lacey, "In Kenya, a fierce fight against AIDS and fraud", International Herald Tribune, July 10, 2003, p. 8. [Note: item 2 of 3, please see next item] "I read Jeffrey
Sach's article with a great deal of interest. As an
African, I appreciate and welcome the idea of 400 super-rich Americans
donating billions of dollars
to health care and education in
Africa.
But I would caution that the problem is more complicated than
that. We Africans should
take more responsibility for our destiny.
. there should be greater
emphasis on good governance, public and private sector accountability,
democracy, and respect for human rights on the continent. This point is
well illustrated by
[a report last week] of massive fraud by bogus
groups claiming to fight AIDS in Kenya. In Rwanda, we have
learned from the hard lessons of the 1994 genocide and its aftermath that
nobody owes us a free lunch. If we want to be helped, we have got to
earn it, to prove worthy of it. International help is not a right." Nicholas Shalita, Rwanda Mission to the UN, "Letters: Fixing Africa", International Herald Tribune, July 18, 2003. [Note: item 3 of 3, please see above] "[An excellent
essay by Stanley Fischer]
. deserves to be read carefully by globalists
and anti-globalists alike [for a new perspective on falling global
inequality.] Is it just a
coincidence that [rapid globalizers] India and China did so well? The real question
. is why some countries
. find it so difficult to participate. America and the
European Union both retain trade restrictions that hurt the poor countries
[and] have been promising reform for years, but the world is still
waiting. But governments of
the poorest countries themselves bear much of the responsibility. [They impose]
. many of the world's highest trade barriers
. on trade with other poor
countries -- to say nothing of the failure to provide security or
stability, or of the enormous sums (including money received as aid)
squandered on vanity public projects or luxuries for the ruling circles
and their chums. For countries with governments like
this, globalisation is always going to be difficult to achieve." Nontheless,
it cannot hurt to understand that the problem is not too much
globalisation, but too little. If you ever need reminding of this,
look at Mr. Fischer's charts." "Economics focus: Catching up: If you consider people, global inequality is falling rapidly", The Economist, August 23, 2003, p. 56. Note: The article discussed is "Globalisation and its challenges" by Stanley Fischer, AEA Papers and Proceedings, American Economic Review, volume 93, number 2, May 2003. "The notion of
'sustainable development' is looking ever more fragile, at least in
political terms.
. Indeed the rift is growing
between advocates of environmental protection and economic development --
two key components of sustainable development that the landmark World
Commission on Environment and Development in 1987 judged were 'impossible
to separate.'
. 'Striking a
balance', a report issued last summer by Conservation International (CI)
. [stated that] 'As poverty has become the overarching focus of
development assistance
. biodiversity is increasingly framed in terms of
its relation to poverty reduction.' [I]t appears to be diminishing support
for shorter-term conservation investments.' Charles Geisler, a
professor at Cornell University, views the rift as less of a death knell
for sustainable development than a call for development advocates to treat
each interest separately. '[These groups] are very aware that the
development program is extremely limited and probably can't carry its own
weight without including the environmental goals.' Geisler
thinks that a new modus vivendi is in the cards, noting how the two groups
'seem to be looking for more of a third way.' Maybe they'll
find a new buzzword while they're at it." "Unsustainable development", Foreign Policy, November/December 2003, p. 17.
"Every day,
migrants working in rich countries send money to their families in the
developing world. It's just a few hundred dollars here, a
few hundred dollars there. But last year, these remittances added
up to $80 billion, outstripping foreign aid and ranking as one of the
biggest sources of foreign exchange for poor countries. Following a
boom in the 1990s, this flow of money is lifting entire countries out of
poverty, creating new financial channels, and reshaping international
politics." Lead-in to the
article by Devesh Kapur and John McHale, "Migration's new payoff", Foreign Policy, November/December 2003, pp. 49-57.
Note: This subsection, and the other five "UN
performance problems" subsections that precede "Anecdotes and
Observations", are very much still in the "start-up" stage, due to the
priority need to establish all the parts of this archive. Material from
the sources cited in the "useful sources" for each of them, and other
material, will be added as soon as possible. Useful
Sources (Note: informally
assembled by IO Watch, roughly ranked from "most useful" on down, and
subject to change as new sources are added)
Moore, Mike,
"Multilateral meltdown: It's time for another walk in the Bretton Woods",
Foreign Policy, March-April 2003,
pp.74-75.
"Special report: Global poverty", Business Week International, October 14,
2002,
pp. 56-70, 96. Hancock, Graham, Lords of poverty: The freewheeling lifestyles, power,
prestige and corruption of the multi-billion dollar aid business,
Macmillan, London, 1989. Griffiths, Peter,
The economist's tale: A consultant encounters
hunger and the World Bank, Zed, London and New York, 2003.
Nordic UN Project,
The, The United Nations in development: Reform
issues in the economic and social fields: A Nordic perspective: Final
report, Almqvist & Wiksell, Stockholm, 1991.
Nordic UN Project
1996 in the Economic and Social Fields, The, The
United Nations in development: Strengthening the UN through change:
Fulfilling its economic and social mandate, GCSM AS, Oslo, December
1996.
Weiss, Thomas G.,
and Gordenker, Leon, eds., NGOs, the UN and global
governance, Lynne Rienner, Boulder CO (USA) and London, 1996.
[Chapters 1-11 from Third World
Quarterly, 1996.] Coate, Roger A.,
"The United Nations and development," in A global
agenda: Issues before the 57th General Assembly of the United Nations,
Ayton-Shenker, Diana, ed., An annual publication of the United Nations
Association of the United States of America, Rowman & Littlefield,
Lanham, MD, Boulder CO, New York, Oxford, 2002, pp. 139-164. Collins, Paul, ed.,
"The administrative reform process in international development
organizations", Public Administration and
Development, Special Issue, vol. 7, no. 2, August 1987. Bissell, Richard E.,
The United Nations Development Programme: Failing
the world's poor, Heritage Foundation, Washington, D.C., October
1985.
Anderson, Mary, Do no harm: How aid can support peace -- or war,
Lynne Rienner, Boulder CO (USA), 1999.
A study of the
capacity of the United Nations development system [also known
as "the Jackson report" or as "the Capacity Study"], 2 vols.,
DP/5, United Nations, Geneva, 1969.
Cassen, Robert, and Associates, Does aid work: Report to an intergovernmental task
force, (of the World Bank and International Monetary Fund), Clarendon,
Oxford University, Oxford (UK), 1986.
Hill, Martin, The United Nations system: Coordinating its economic and social work, under the auspices of the United Nations Institute for Training and Research, Cambridge University, London, 1978.
Erickson, Edward W., and Sumner, Daniel A., Ch. 1, "The U.N. and economic development", in Pines, Burton Yale, ed., A world without a U.N.: What would happen if the U.N. shut down, The Heritage Foundation, Washington, DC, 1984, pp. 1-22. Townley, Ralph, Ch.
11, "The economic organs of the United Nations", in Luard, Evan,
ed., The evolution of international
organizations, Thames and Hudson, London, 1966, pp. 246-284. Miller, Lynn H.,
Ch. 5, "Functionalism and economic welfare", in Organizing mankind: An analysis of contemporary
international organizations, Holbrook Press, Boston, 1972, pp.
153-211.
Weiss, Thomas G.,
Forsythe, David P., and Coate, Roger A., Part III, "Building peace through
sustainable development", The United
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